午夜福利1000集合

YOU are a living data record. Every cell in your body contains genetic information that, if combined with other genomes into a giant database, could form part of one of the most powerful medical diagnostic tools ever created.

England鈥檚 National 午夜福利1000集合 Service is preparing to do just that. 鈥淲e need to welcome the genomic era and deliver the genomic dream,鈥� the country鈥檚 chief medical officer, Sally Davies, wrote in a this year calling for the expansion of genomic healthcare.

鈥淏y bringing together lots of people鈥檚 genomes and their health data, and following them long term over a life course we will be able to build up insights that we can鈥檛 get today,鈥� says , chief scientist at the . Backed by the UK鈥檚 Department of 午夜福利1000集合, this organisation aims to pool genetic information from 100,000 people so researchers can find new diagnostic indicators and ways of targeting therapies.

Medical researchers promise that the benefits of gathering our DNA data will be immense, but your genome is the ultimate personal information 鈥� it is literally a description of you. Should we be concerned about giving it away, not knowing who might see it in the future? Or should the potential lives saved outweigh any privacy worries?

The 100,000 Genomes Project is already benefiting people with certain cancers or rare diseases who share their genome 鈥� or their cancer鈥檚 genome. Although only 32,000 genomes have been sequenced since the initiative started in 2012, it has delivered diagnoses to people who had spent decades without one. Whether that leads to better treatments remains to be seen.

鈥淭his is not a database for the sake of a database. This is a database for direct healthcare鈥�

鈥淲e use that information to feed back to the NHS and the clinicians looking after that person,鈥� says Caulfield. 鈥淭his is not a database for the sake of a database. This is a database for direct healthcare.鈥�

But soon the government will make the 100,000 Genomes Project a more concrete part of the NHS in England. From March 2018, NHS England will offer whole-genome sequencing to anyone with specific cancers or diseases, with the option to contribute their genomes to the project鈥檚 database. By the end of 2018, the 100,000 Genomes Project will hand over the responsibility for sequencing genomes to NHS England, moving the database into everyday use.

Donate your genome

The study of many genomes, yours included, may benefit others even if it doesn鈥檛 help you personally. That makes giving the NHS your genome a bit like blood donation, but unlike blood, sharing DNA might have its downsides.

鈥淭he level of interest in that data is going to be far-reaching,鈥� says bioethicist . He is concerned about NHS England granting access to commercial companies, including drug firms. There is a risk your data could end up being used for marketing purposes, for example.

Private companies have an important role to play in unlocking the benefits of genomic medicine by using genomic data to develop new tests and therapies, says Caulfield. In March 2015, the 100,000 Genomes Project set up a that could access some genomic data and health information from its database, stripped of identifiers such as a patient鈥檚 name and NHS number.

Companies who were obliged to commit researchers and other staff to the consortium, which wrapped up recently after operating for two years. The idea is that a successor organisation will work with NHS England to continue this work, says Caulfield.

But who will have access to the database in the future is unclear (see 鈥�Your data, your choice鈥�). 鈥淭here needs to be much more transparency on the part of the Department of 午夜福利1000集合 and the government,鈥� says Hockings.

The NHS in England has a history of mishandling health data deals. Last year, New Scientist found that the Royal Free London NHS Trust hadn鈥檛 disclosed that it had given Google鈥檚 artificial intelligence branch DeepMind access to detailed information on millions of patients, as part of the development of an app to monitor kidney disease. The Information Commissioner鈥檚 Office, the UK鈥檚 data watchdog, later ruled the Trust had 鈥�failed to comply with data protection law鈥� and hadn鈥檛 adequately informed patients as to how their data was being used.

More widely, in July 2016, NHS England finally pulled the plug on its disastrous care.data programme, which aimed to transfer anonymised patient data from doctors鈥� practices into a central database. It was accused of failing to properly inform people about how their records would be handled, leading to a massive public backlash.

But the benefits of a genomic database strongly outweigh the privacy risks, says , former chair of the , an independent body that advises policy-makers on medical ethics. 鈥淚t needs to be part of the infrastructure of the NHS,鈥� he says. 鈥淵ou can鈥檛 have personalised medicine without pooling all that information.鈥�

For now, the scope of the planned database is limited, but at the University of Southampton, UK, says that unlocking the real benefits of genomic medicine might require much wider national or international genetic databases.

For example, certain genomic mutations have been reclassified through similar large-scale initiatives, she says: families who thought they had a disease-causing mutation in one of the BRCA genes, linked to hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, were told that their specific variant wasn鈥檛 disease-causing after all.

鈥淪uch reclassification can have important clinical consequences,鈥� Lucassen says, such as telling individuals they don鈥檛 need surgery or extra screening.

People contributing to such a database should ideally know how their data will end up being used, says Montgomery. Traditional informed consent 鈥� like the kind patients give before an operation 鈥� assumes that an individual has understood all the risks and implications of what they are consenting to. Getting informed consent from someone who donates their DNA is much trickier, as it isn鈥檛 possible to know how an individual鈥檚 data will be tested or used in the future, says Montgomery.

鈥淏rits may have a particular social obligation to donate genomic data, since the whole of the UK benefits鈥�

Although it may be impossible to give people assurances about how their data will be used, Montgomery advocates setting clear boundaries and strong sanctions when it comes to misuse, and the European Union agrees. Its General Data Protection Regulation, which comes into effect in the UK in May next year, anyone from processing genetic data in order to identify an individual. It is likely to remain part of UK law after Brexit.

Getting these rules right and explaining them to the public is crucial. Montgomery says that Brits may have a particular social obligation to donate genomic data as part of the NHS鈥檚 social contract. Individuals should be willing to contribute since the whole of UK society stands to benefit from discoveries made through NHS England鈥檚 genomic database, he says, since its healthcare provision is open to all.

But this can only happen if NHS England鈥檚 genomic mission isn鈥檛 derailed by a data-sharing fiasco. Although often overhyped, the benefits of genomic medicine are real and can only be uncovered with vast numbers of genomes from different populations. The NHS is uniquely placed to do exactly that, says Montgomery. 鈥淚f we don鈥檛 get ahead on this, I think we are wasting science.鈥�

This article appeared in print under the headline 鈥淣ational genome service鈥�