The Vera C. Rubin Observatory in Chile is finally beginning its mammoth survey of the universe. After a year of testing and calibration, it is starting the Legacy Survey of Space and Time, which is poised to become the most detailed record of the universe ever captured.

“Today, we begin filming the greatest cosmic movie ever made,” said Brian Stone at the US National Science Foundation in a .

For the next decade, Rubin will collect about 10 terabytes of data every night in the form of hundreds of high-resolution images of the southern sky. Each image will cover an area about 40 times the size of the full moon, and the completed survey will include nearly the entirety of the sky that is visible from the southern hemisphere.

This treasure trove of data will serve several purposes. The first, which has already begun, is to alert researchers to anything changing in the night sky, such as the appearance of supernovae or the motion of asteroids and comets.

“Millions of alerts in just the last couple of months show that Rubin is up and running as a discovery machine,” said at Stanford University in California, who is part of the Rubin team. “Now we’re putting it all together.”

These alerts have already led to the discovery of more than 11,000 new asteroids, and they are expected to result in the most complete inventory of solar system objects ever created.

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In addition to canvassing the solar system, Rubin will provide information about more distant objects, building a detailed map of the Milky Way galaxy and peering deeper into the universe.

An early-release image (above) shows a sea of stars, interstellar gas and even distant galaxies. Such deep, detailed images taken again and again over 10 years will enable researchers to study rare cosmic events and even gain insight into dark matter, dark energy and the expansion of the universe.

A small icy body as far away as Pluto has stunned scientists with the revelation that it has an atmosphere.

The object, located in the Kuiper Belt of distant frozen bodies at the edge of the solar system, is formally named (612533) 2002 XV₉₃, after the date of its discovery nearly a quarter of a century ago. It has a diameter of less than 500 kilometres.

The object also belongs to a class of objects known as plutinos because they are in the same stable orbit as Pluto, completing two revolutions around the sun for every three made by Neptune.

On 10 January 2024, 2002 XV₉₃ passed in front of a distant star, causing what is called an occultation. at Kyoto University and his colleagues observed this event from three locations in Japan.

If the body had no atmosphere, the star’s light would have disappeared and reappeared almost instantaneously when it went behind 2002 XV₉₃.

But instead, the team saw the star gradually fade and recover over about 1.5 seconds near the edge of the shadow.

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“These gradual changes are best explained if the star’s light was bent by a very thin atmosphere around 2002 XV₉₃,” says Arimatsu.

The team estimates a surface pressure of about 100 to 200 nanobars, roughly 5 million to 10 million times thinner than Earth’s atmosphere and about 50 to 100 times thinner than Pluto’s tenuous atmosphere.

“You could not breathe it, feel wind from it, or see anything like Earth’s sky,” says Arimatsu. “But it is not negligible scientifically because even such a thin atmosphere can measurably bend starlight, and it tells us that volatile gases are present or being supplied around a very small icy body.”

The team couldn’t determine the composition of the atmosphere directly from the data. Arimatsu suggests methane, nitrogen and carbon monoxide are the most plausible candidates because they are among the few substances volatile enough to become gases at the very low temperatures of the outer solar system.

Another mystery is what has caused the atmosphere to form, with possibilities including volcanic activity, outgassing from the interior of 2002 XV₉₃ or even a cosmic collision.

“This discovery challenges our conventional view of small worlds in the outer solar system,” says Arimatsu. “Until now, clearly detectable atmospheres in the solar system were essentially associated with planets, dwarf planets and some large satellites. 2002 XV₉₃ appears to be one of the smallest solar system bodies yet with a clearly detected atmosphere.”

“There is an atmosphere, and we don’t understand why,” says at the University of New South Wales in Sydney, Australia.

“If you’re standing on the surface of this object, you’re not going to see a sky like [what] we have. But it certainly challenges the assumption that even a thin, transient atmosphere can’t exist on a body this small.”

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